A surface-resistivity survey using a ZZ Universal resistivity meter and 4m electrode spacing was used to reaffirm the location of a number of underground tombs. The inversion image results matched the site investigation,except for the void between the 8th and 14th electrodes. Further investigatio...

Groundwater exploration case study 1 The first case study is sourcing from one of our clients, who use the ZZ Universal system to do underground water exploration surveys.

Unlike traditional methods, the ZZ Universal 61 channel resistivity meter shows true resistivity at a true location, so that geological features can be seen directly without further interpretation. The following profile shows smooth resistivity contours with the Russo Beds being resistive, and th...

This exploration survey used the cross-hole resistivity method to detect if there was industrial waste water leakage from an industrial waste water process pond. Chemical analyses concluded that this specific waste water has a much lower resistivity than normal water.

As shown in Figure 1, this surface-borehole survey was configured using the ZZ Universal resistivity meter to accurately locate known caves for structural reasons. The operator collected 60k data points in only one hour.

This survey is aimed at finding voids for construction safety purposes, as the figure below shows, 32 and 20 electrodes were placed into two boreholes, respectively. The inversion image found that the low resistivity areas beside the boreholes were likely to be karst caves. Later site investigati...

The purpose of this survey was to use the ZZ Universal resistivity meter to explore possible geological reasons as part of a railway tunnel (from 370 to 430m) experienced settlement after completion. A total of 63 electrodes were laid on the surface above the tunnel and one was placed into the tu...